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Energy listed firms: an examination of earnings management, herding and liquidity in a sample of eurozone markets
(2020-12-23) Zervou, Konstantina V.; Ζερβού, Κωνσταντίνα B.; Demirakos, Efthimios; Galariotis, Emilios; Georgoutsos, Dimitrios; Papadaki, Afroditi; Siougle, Georgia; Leledakis, Georgios; Spyrou, Spyros
During the past decades, different factors, such as the growing importance of the energy sector, the potential of energy stocks to offer hedging against energy risks, and a growing interest by investors to invest in real assets (Jennings, 2012) has led to the significant expansion of the energy sector. This sector has become one of the most important and promising sectors and has attracted attention from an increasing number of important institutional and professional investment portfolios (Bohl, Kaufmann, Stephan, 2013; among others). Jennings (2012) shows the investment portfolio efficiency is enhanced through a separate allocation to energy listed stocks and in addition, investment in energy stocks may offer a hedge against inflation and unexpected shocks in inflation. In addition, Galvani and Plourde (2010), point out that enormous attention from institutional and individual investors has been attracted to the benefits of portfolio exposure to alternative markets, such as the energy market. Motivated by the discussion above and noting that the academic interest in energy listed stocks is relatively recent, and thus there are many issues that have not been investigated empirically, this thesis concentrates and examines empirically three issues related to energy listed stocks that have never been investigated before in the relevant literature and have an interest for institutional and professional investors in this sector. Thus, the common idea behind the three empirical issues that we look at is to provide information that will shed light in the functioning of this specific sector and assist the investment decisions of institutional and individual investors. More specifically, we first look at the factors that determine earnings management in the sector, then we examine whether stock herding behavior is prevalent in listed stocks in this sector, and finally whether stock market liquidity can impact on investor herd behavior. Our results on the first issue indicate that, on average, firms that spend more on external auditor fees, have higher assets, and are older, tend exhibit lower levels of earnings management. This finding may be explained by the observation that these firms face higher investor and analyst scrutiny and thus it is more difficult for them to manage earnings. The results on the second issue, indicate that, overall, there is no evidence of herd behavior in the sample markets. For German listed energy stocks, however, there is evidence of herding during months of negative market returns and when oil price changes are included in the regression. A main implication of these results is that large institutional investors in energy stocks in Germany, a main and important market in the European energy sector, need to include a larger number of assets in their portfolios to achieve a similar level of diversification as they would in a market where no herding is the norm. The results on the third issue, indicate that overall, and contrary to previous empirical evidence on other asset classes, herd behavior is more prevalent during high liquidity periods mainly for France and not in other markets.