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Do proximal social context and entrepreneurship education shape entrepreneurial intention? A social cognitive theory approach in the context of Greece
(12-04-2022) Kamposos, Konstantinos; Καμπόσος, Κωνσταντίνος; Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of Management Science and Marketing; Poulymenakou, Angeliki; Pramatari, Aikaterini; Voudouris, Irini
Purpose: This dissertation aims to answer the following questions in the context of Greece: "Does proximal social context shape an individual's entrepreneurial intent?" and "Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediate the effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intent?". In the social psychology literature, intentions are the best single predictor of behavior, so uncovering the sources of intention enables us to understand how behavior could be triggered. This notion has been applied to entrepreneurial intentions and behavior. Past research shows that the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions is weak and insignificant after controlling for pre-education intentions. Additionally, in recent studies, scholars suggest that further attention should be given to how social capital and norms influence individuals' entrepreneurial intentions. For these reasons, we test two hypotheses in the context of Greece. Firstly, whether entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediates the effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions, and secondly, whether knowing a nascent entrepreneur influences positively individuals' entrepreneurial intentions.Methodology: We performed a convenient sampling procedure, and our sample consists of individuals with at least one year of professional experience who have studied in Greece. The data collection was performed through a structured digital questionnaire. We employed the most recent analytical procedure in causal mediation analysis for our quantitative analysis. Apart from the sensitivity analysis of our results, we performed a robustness check through partial least squares structural equation modeling.Findings: Our results could not provide sufficient proof that knowing a nascent entrepreneur influences an individual's entrepreneurial intent. However, we validated that the causal mediation effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intent through entrepreneurial self-efficacy is positive. Nevertheless, our sensitivity analysis indicated that the mediation effect is not robust enough. Our results were the same through partial least squares structural equation modeling.Theoretical Implications: The relationship between the proximal social context and entrepreneurial intentions in Greece needs further investigation. It is proposed to include the social and cultural characteristics of Greece in the research.Practical Implications: Our findings suggest that policymakers and Greek universities could make their efforts towards boosting entrepreneurial activity more effective by focusing on developing students' self-efficacy. On the contrary, since entrepreneurship education focused on the transfer of knowledge related to entrepreneurship seems to negatively affect the formation of entrepreneurial intentions, there is a need to redesign business education programs in Greece.Limitations: Our study is methodologically limited because to isolate the direct effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intent, we should have measured entrepreneurial intent before and after entrepreneurship education for specific entrepreneurship education programs. Furthermore, our sample is different from the dominant kind of sample in entrepreneurship research, consisting of young undergraduate students with Economics and Management degrees. Therefore, we believe that comparing our results with those of other studies requires attention.
Innovative work behaviour and innovation in the public sector: an individual differences‐, leadership‐, and contextual‐ perspective
(20-06-2023) Κουσίνα, Ελισάβετ; Kousina, Elisavet; Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of Marketing and Communication; Nikolaou, Ioannis; Galanaki, Eleanna; Spanos, Yannis; Soderquist, Klas-Eric; Deligianni, Ioanna; Kefis, Vassilis; Voudouris, Irini
Η καινοτομία στους οργανισμούς του δημόσιου τομέα αποτελεί κρίσιμο ζήτημα, καθώς προσπαθούν να αντιμετωπίσουν πρωτοφανείς προκλήσεις λόγω των δημοσιονομικών, δημογραφικών, υγειονομικών και οικολογικών πιέσεων σε συνδυασμό με τις αυξανόμενες προσδοκίες των πολιτών για πιο ευέλικτη και υπεύθυνη κυβέρνηση (Neo, Grimmelikhuijsen & Tummers, 2022; Lewis et al., 2018; De Vries et al., 2016; Clausen et al., 2020). Από την άποψη αυτή, η καινοτόμος εργασιακή συμπεριφορά των εργαζομένων είναι σημαντική (Miao et al., 2018), δεδομένου ότι μπορεί να συμβάλει στην πραγματοποίηση των αλλαγών και στην παραγωγή δημόσιας αξίας για τους πολίτες (Moore, 2014). Η παρούσα διατριβή, αντλώντας από τη βιβλιογραφία της καινοτομίας του δημόσιου τομέα και της ηγεσίας, διερευνά το ρόλο συγκεκριμένων ατομικών χαρακτηριστικών και παραγόντων του ευρύτερου πλαισίου στην προώθηση της καινοτόμου εργασιακής συμπεριφοράς των υπαλλήλων του δημόσιου τομέα, καθώς και των διεργασιών που συνεισφέρουν στη συνολική καινοτομική επίδοση φορέων και οργανισμών τοπικής αυτοδιοίκησης και τη δημιουργία δημόσιας αξίας.Το μοντέλο που αναπτύχθηκε διερευνήθηκε εμπειρικά με τη χρήση δείγματος 320 δημοσίων υπαλλήλων σε 110 τμήματα φορέων και οργανισμών της τοπικής αυτοδιοίκησης γύρω από την ευρύτερη περιοχή των δύο μεγαλύτερων πόλεων της Ελλάδας, λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν τον αριθμό των κατοίκων ως δείκτη για το μέγεθος του δήμου. Τα δεδομένα συλλέχθηκαν μεταξύ 2020-2021 βάσει δύο διαφορετικών ερωτηματολογίων (το πρώτο χορηγήθηκε στον προϊστάμενο του τμήματος και το δεύτερο στους υπαλλήλους), κατά τη διάρκεια προσωπικών συναντήσεων με τους προϊσταμένους και τους υπαλλήλους στα γραφεία των δήμων.Χρησιμοποιώντας δεδομένα πολλαπλών πηγών και πολλαπλών επιπέδων, τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι η προληπτική προσωπικότητα και η προσανατολισμένη στην προαγωγή ψυχολογική ιδιοκτησία, όσον αφορά τα χαρακτηριστικά σε ατομικό επίπεδο, σχετίζονται θετικά με την καινοτόμο εργασιακή συμπεριφορά των εργαζομένων. Επιπλέον, τα αποτελέσματα της ιεραρχικής γραμμικής μοντελοποίησης ανέδειξαν ότι οι παράγοντες του πλαισίου, όπως η αμφίδρομη ηγεσία, το κλίμα καινοτομίας και ευελιξίας, το κλίμα ενσωμάτωσης και η διαθεσιμότητα πόρων, σχετίζονται θετικά με την καινοτόμο εργασιακή συμπεριφορά των εργαζομένων, ενώ ο συγκεντρωτισμός και η γραφειοκρατία σχετίζονται αρνητικά με την καινοτόμο εργασιακή συμπεριφορά των εργαζομένων.Όσον αφορά τους παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν τις καινοτομικές επιδόσεις των εργασιακών μονάδων, διαπιστώθηκε ότι η μέση καινοτόμος εργασιακή συμπεριφορά, η αμφίδρομη ηγεσία και το κλίμα εξωστρέφειας αποτελούν τους κύριους παράγοντες προώθησης των διερευνητικών καινοτομιών, ενώ ο συγκεντρωτισμός τεκμηριώθηκε ότι λειτουργεί ως εμπόδιο σε αυτό το είδος καινοτομίας.Όσον αφορά την εκμεταλλευτική καινοτομία, τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι ο φορμαλισμός αναστέλλει αυτή την καινοτομική επίδοση. Επιπρόσθετα, διαπιστώθηκε ότι η ηλικία της μονάδας εργασίας ασκεί διαφορετικές επιδράσεις στις διερευνητικές και εκμεταλλευτικές καινοτομίες. Συγκεκριμένα, εντοπίστηκε θετική και αρνητική σχέση μεταξύ της ηλικίας της εργασιακής μονάδας και της εκμεταλλευτικής και διερευνητικής καινοτομίας, αντίστοιχα.Υπό το πρίσμα των ευρημάτων, συζητούνται σημαντικές συνέπειες για τους υπεύθυνους χάραξης πολιτικής, τους δημόσιους διαχειριστές και τις διαδικασίες προαγωγής και πρόσληψης του δημόσιου τομέα.
International expansion of small and medium‐sized enterprises: a strategic decision‐making approach
(2022) Sofikitis, Emmanouil; Σοφικίτης, Εμμανουήλ; Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of Management Science and Technology; Spanos, Yannis; Deligianni, Ioanna; Soderquist, Klas Eric; Manolopoulos, Dimitrios; Papagiannakis, Georgios; Papalexandris, Alexandros; Voudouris, Irini
Considered as one of the most profound business phenomena, the International Expansion of the firms has received uninterrupted attention by academics and managers over the last decades. This is attributed to more and more enterprises competing beyond the domestic market with the aim to enhance firm competitiveness and performance outcomes. Researchers have indicated that the cross-border expansion has significant long-term implications and thus, they have exploited several theoretical perspectives to explain it, initiating from the early neoclassical economics to the extensively applied Transactions Costs economics (or the relative Internalization theory) and the Uppsala model. However, the critical body of research still approaches organizations as “black boxes”, applying a sterile economic perspective that does not consider the realism of behavior on the investigation of the phenomenon. Further, it has devotedly focused on the examination of the large Multinational Enterprises despite the resounding emergence of the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in the international markets.This research introduces the behavioral elements of the firms into the study of the phenomenon. It draws on the approach of the 'Behavioral Theory of the Firm' to investigate the influence of the Strategic Decision-Making Processes on the International Performance of the SMEs directly and through the strategic Modes of International Entry.To conduct the research, a quantitative survey was carried out on a sample of Greek SMEs. The collected data was analyzed on the basis of structural equation modeling (path analysis). Through the research, empirical results are provided that confirm the mediation relationship between the examined variables. Further, a post-hoc analysis was conducted as an extension of the original theoretical model.
Leadership by metaphors and storytelling
(17-07-2023) Γκαλίτσιου, Αικατερίνη; Gkalitsiou, Aikaterini; Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of Management Science and Technology; Nikandrou, Irene; Iordanoglou, Dimitra; Papalexandri, Nancy; Nikolaou, Ioannis; Galanaki, Eleanna; Deligianni, Ioanna; Voudouris, Irini
Οι μεταφορές και η αφήγηση ιστοριών είναι σημαντικά εργαλεία επικοινωνίας που διαδραματίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην ηγεσία και την οργανωσιακή ζωή. Επιπλέον, θεωρούνται ευρέως ισχυρά εργαλεία που μπορούν να αξιοποιηθούν για την ενίσχυση της αποτελεσματικότητας της ηγεσίας. Οι ηγέτες έχουν χρησιμοποιήσει τις μεταφορές και την αφήγηση ιστοριών για να ενισχύσουν τη γραπτή και προφορική τους επικοινωνία από την αρχαιότητα, από τον Αριστοτέλη, μέχρι τη σύγχρονη εποχή. Στην πραγματικότητα, η ιστορία έχει καταγράψει πολυάριθμες περιπτώσεις όπου οι ηγέτες (είτε πρόκειται για ηγέτες εταιρειών είτε για ηγέτες χωρών) κατέφυγαν στη χρήση τους προκειμένου να μεταφέρουν αποτελεσματικότερα και σαφέστερα τις σκέψεις τους, να γοητεύσουν και να πείσουν το ακροατήριό τους, τόσο σε κανονικές συνθήκες όσο και σε περιόδους κρίσης. Κατά συνέπεια, στην παρούσα έρευνα εστιάζουμε στη χρήση της αφήγησης και των μεταφορών από τους ηγέτες σε εταιρικά πλαίσια, καθώς και από τους ηγέτες χωρών σε περιόδους κρίσης.
New Ventures’ Strategic Growth Patterns: antecedents and outcomes
Deligianni, Ioanna; Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of Management Science and Technology; Voudouris, Irini
Drawing upon two literature strands –entrepreneurship and strategic management, this study attempts to explore new venture growth in an effort to identify the strategic growth patterns that the ventures pursue during their development as well as the antecedents and the performance outcomes of these patterns. Toward this direction, it defines new venture growth in terms of the ‘strategic logics’ that drive new venture development, i.e. in terms of the growth strategies that the ventures pursue during their development, providing simultaneously a new conceptualization for these strategies. Indeed, contrary to prior studies, which treat growth strategies in a rather fragmentary manner creating confusion regarding the growth decisions to be made, this study brings growth down to its fundamental activities, including choices of both the direction and the mode of the ventures’ growth. The direction of growth refers to the product and geographic diversification decisions that the ventures should make, being in line with the corresponding decisions made by established firms. The mode of growth incorporates the extent to which growth choices rely on incremental or radical innovation development, limiting the dilemma of internal-innovation versus external-acquisition growth –faced by established firms- solely to the innovation pole. This limitation is due to the irrelevance of the acquisition expansion alternative for new ventures, which would be better off pursuing internal development, having their market potential still substantial and untapped. Conceptualizing new venture growth strategies in terms of these dimensions –product diversification, geographic diversification and innovation-, this study develops a theoretical framework, seeking to explore the strategic growth patterns that the ventures pursue during their development, attempting also to identify the antecedents of new venture growth as well as to predict the effect of strategic growth patterns on new venture performance. Indeed, this framework, which is built at the intersection of three major theoretical traditions, i.e. the resource-based view, the dynamic capabilities view and the social cognitive theory, examines the effects of five blocks of factors -the ventures’ resources, dynamic capabilities, prior growth strategies, the entrepreneurs’ sociocognitive attributes and the characteristics of the external environment-, on the ventures’ growth dimensions as well as the effects of these dimensions on performance. Besides the direct effects hypothesized to exist between each construct and the study’s dependent variables, this framework also assumes the existence of interrelations among the growth dimensions, implying also indirect relationships among constructs. It suggests that growth decisions are made simultaneously, supporting the existence of bidirectional relationships between both dimensions of the direction of growth (product and geographic diversification) and between the direction and the mode of new venture growth. The incorporation of these interrelations in the study provides deeper insights on the issue under investigation, allowing for trade-offs -potentially inherent in trying to optimize the decisions jointly- to be explored. The developed model is empirically investigated by using a sample of successful Greek new ventures between 2000 and 2008 which competed in the ICT sector, the food and beverages sector, the chemical sector and the textile and clothing sector. Data collection is conducted through personal interviews, with the ventures’ founders to constitute the key informants of the study given the extensive knowledge they possess regarding their ventures’ organizational characteristics. All variables of the framework are operationalized through scales adapted from extant literature so as the content validity of the measures used to be rather high. Construct validity and reliability is also checked through the conduct of Principal Component Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis and the computation of the scales’ Cronbach’s a. Data analysis includes two major steps: first, a Durbin-Wu-Hausman test which checks for endogeneity among the three growth dimensions examine and after, a Path Analysis model which calculates both the direct and indirect effects of the study’s constructs on dependent variables. Although the results do not support the hypothesized endogenous relationships among the growth dimensions –rejecting a joint consideration of the growth decisions-, both dimensions of the direction of growth, i.e. the product and the geographic one are found to be related to the mode of growth. Indeed, product diversification seems to exert a positive effect on the innovation dimension whereas geographic diversification is found to be negatively related to the ventures’ innovativeness. This link of direction and mode combined with the lack of support for simultaneity in the ventures’ growth decision making processes indicate a rather defensive mode of new venture expansion, according to which new ventures seek to balance their choices regarding the ‘where’ of growth with the ones regarding the ‘how’ of growth. This balanced defensible development seems to match well with the needs of the ventures which lack an inherited position and thus, strive to obtain viability. Regarding the factors that affect new venture growth strategies, it is found that sociocognitive characteristics of founders are the main drivers of the direction of growth whereas both entrepreneurial and internal factors are the main determinants of the mode of growth. These findings highlight the central role of entrepreneurs in the ventures’ strategic growth process, pointing out that this role is even more critical in the case of the ‘where’ decisions of growth because of the high degree of uncertainty they entail and their operation as antecedents of the mode decisions. Moreover, the negative link found between prior growth strategies and new venture growth patterns strengthen the argument of a defensive growth mode implied by the direction-mode relationship, suggesting a rationalization of the ventures’ initial strategies before any further expansions are attempted. Taking these direct effects of antecedent factors on new venture growth dimensions together with their indirect effects implied by the relationship found between the direction and the mode of new venture growth, one can conclude that no trade-offs are inherent in trying to optimize both decisions jointly. Indeed, the results suggest that no antecedent factor acts as a key mediating influence in the joint optimization thus, no factor leads to a sub optimization of either the direction or the mode decision for the optimization of the other. Finally, the findings regarding the link between new venture growth patterns and performance support the hypothesized positive relationships of both the product diversification and innovativeness on performance whereas they provide evidence on the marginal effect of geographic expansion on new venture performance. These results, combined with the relationship found between the direction and the mode of new venture growth, are also indicative of an incremental mode of new venture expansion, suggesting that new ventures need to pursue product expansion through radical innovation to succeed.